OOP Concepts

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

OOP organizes code around objects — bundles of data (attributes) and behavior (methods). The four pillars are encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction.

• Class — a blueprint for creating objects.
• Object — an instance of a class.
• Encapsulation — hiding internal data with private attributes.
• Inheritance — a class can derive from another class.
• Polymorphism — the same method name can behave differently on different classes.

class Animal:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def speak(self):
        pass

class Dog(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return f"{self.name} says Woof!"

class Cat(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return f"{self.name} says Meow!"

dog = Dog("Rex")
cat = Cat("Luna")

print(dog.speak())
print(cat.speak())